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"If I were an angel, I would be a fallen one

trying to fly on broken wings, with a broken heart.

That was when you found me and taught me to

fly again, because you loved me

stroke

STROKE

is the rapidly developing loss of brain function(s)

due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain.

PATHOPYSIOLOGY

Group of neurons lose afferent stimulation

â

These neurons are hypersensitive and

easily activated

â

Fire abnormally

â

Seizure

increase ICP

Increase intracranial pressure

ICP more than 15 mmHg

Due to an á in any of the 3 components namely:

Brain-88%

CSF- 9%

Blood-3%

PATHOPYSIOLOGY

Trauma

â

Edema

â

áICP

â

Blood vessel compression

â

â Oxygen perfusion in the brain

â

Brain cell death

epilipsy

Epilepsy

Recurrent seizures

PATHOPYSIOLOGY

Group of neurons lose afferent stimulation

â

Become epileptogenic focus

∞these neurons are hypersensitivity and easily activated

â

Fire normally

â

Seizure

Amyotropic Lateral sclerosis

Amyotropic Lateral sclerosis

A progressive debilitating and fatal disease involving

 degeneration of motor neurons

²loss of voluntary muscle control

²mental status is intact and not affected

ALS results from degeneration of:

²upper motor neurons in the medulla oblongata

²lower motor neurons in the spinal cord

PATHOPYSIOLOGY

Motor neurons in medulla oblongata and spinal cord die

â

Muscle they serves atrophy (loss of muscle tone

â

Weakness/paralysis of the muscle

â

Signs and symptoms vary according to what neuron is

affected and what muscle they serves

multiple sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis

A progressive demyelination of the white matter

of the brain and spinal cord

Characterized by exacerbations and remission

PATHOPYSIOLOGY

Infection/ autoimmune response

â
attack white matter of brain

â

Destruction of myelin sheath

â

Scarring (gliosis, hard yellow plaques)

â

Disruption of nerves conduction

â

Neurologic dysfunction

Parkinson’s Disease

A slowly progressive disease secondary to degeneration

of the basal ganglia in the cerebrum

PATHOPYSIOLOGY

Unknown / toxins

â

Substantia nigra destroyed

â

Decrease dopamine production

â

Upset of the normal balance between inhibitory

dopamine and excitatory ach neurotransmitter (âdopamine, áacH)

â

Loss of inhibitory in the brain

MG

Myasthenia Gravis

A progressive disorder(striated, skeletal muscles)

Muscle innervated by the cranial nerves(face, lips, tongue, neck, and throat)

Can cause weakness and fatigue

Exerted by exercise but usually improved by ant cholinesterase drugs

Pathophysiology

Patient blood cells and thymus produce antibodies

â

Antibodies block and destroy or weaken neurotransmitter in

neuromuscular junction(esp. acH receptor)

â

Failure in transmission of acH neurotransmitter to muscle

â

Muscular weakness or paralysis

guillian-barre syndrome

Guillaine Barre Syndrome

an acute, rapidly progressive and fatal of polyneuritis

causes muscular weakness and mild sensory loss

commonly follows after febrile illness

PATHOPYSIOLOGY

WBC attack peripheral nerves

â

Destruction of myelin sheath which hasten one stimulus

To proceed to another neurons (for nerve transmission)

â

Widening or impairment of impulses transmission

â

Weakness/ paralysis/ loss of sensation

PHASES of GUILLAINE BARRE SYNDOME
acute phase

²begins with appearance of the first definitive symptoms

²ends 1 to 3 weeks later, when no further deterioration is noted

Plateau phase

²lasts of 2weeks

Recovery phase

²coincides with remyelination, can lasts from 4 months to 3 years

Meningitis

Meningitis

Infection/inflammation of the meninges covering

the brain and spinal cord

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

           

Ineffective organism enters the CNS

â

Organism quickly disseminate into the meninges and ventricles

â

Dissemination results in:

²meningeal congestion, cerebral edema, áICP,

Pus formation

â

INFANT: Hydrocephalus happens, if exudates block ventricles

-skull is capable of expanding

ADULT: blockage of the ventricle would lead to áICP

                                                     -Monro kellie principles

Huntingtons disease

HUNTINGTONS DISEASE

Hereditary that causes degeneration of

Cerebral cortex (mental deterioration

Basal ganglia (regulate voluntary movement)

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Involves a disturbance in neurotransmitter substance, primarily:

²áGamma amino butyric acid (GABA)

²âDopamine

â

GABA neurons in basal ganglia, frontal cortex and cerebellum are destroyed

GABA neurotransmitter production:

²an inhibitory neurotransmitter

â

excess of dopamine causes abnormal neurotransmitter along the affected pathway

chorea and mental deterioration

²enlargement of the ventricles in HD patient due to

atrophy of the head of the caudate from the neuronal loss